Co To Jest Wifi Gprs
General Packet Radio Service ( GPRS) is a standard on the and network's (GSM). GPRS was established by (ETSI) in response to the earlier and packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the (3GPP).GPRS is typically sold according to the total volume of data transferred during the billing cycle, in contrast with data, which is usually billed per minute of connection time, or sometimes by one-third minute increments. Usage above the GPRS may be charged per of data, speed limited, or disallowed.GPRS is a service, implying variable and that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to, where a certain (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 /sec. Cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as, that is, a technology between the second and third generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system.
GPRS is integrated into GSM Release 97 and newer releases. See also:The GPRS core network allows, and to transmit packets to external networks such as the. The GPRS system is an integrated part of the.Services offered GPRS extends the GSM Packet circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services possible:. messaging and broadcasting. 'Always on' internet access. (MMS).
over cellular (PoC). and presence—. Internet applications for smart devices through (WAP). (P2P) service: inter-networking with the Internet (IP). (P2M) service : point-to-multipoint multicast and point-to-multipoint group callsIf SMS over GPRS is used, an SMS transmission speed of about 30 SMS messages per minute may be achieved. This is much faster than using the ordinary SMS over GSM, whose SMS transmission speed is about 6 to 10 SMS messages per minute.Protocols supported GPRS supports the following protocols:.
(IP). In practice, built-in use before is widespread. (PPP) is typically not supported by but if a cellular phone is used as a for a connected computer, PPP may be used to tunnel IP to the phone. This allows an IP address to be dynamically assigned (using rather than ) to the mobile equipment. connections are typically used for applications like wireless payment terminals, although it has been removed from the standard.
X.25 can still be supported over PPP, or even over IP, but this requires either a network-based to perform encapsulation or software built into the end-device/terminal; e.g., user equipment (UE).When is used, each phone can have one or more allocated. GPRS will store and forward the IP packets to the phone even during. The TCP restores any packets lost (e.g. Due to a radio noise induced pause).Hardware Devices supporting GPRS are grouped into three classes:Class A Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS) simultaneously. Such devices are now available. Class B Can be connected to GPRS service and GSM service (voice, SMS), but using only one at a time.
During GSM service (voice call or SMS), GPRS service is suspended and resumed automatically after the GSM service (voice call or SMS) has concluded. Most GPRS mobile devices are Class B. Class C Are connected to either GPRS service or GSM service (voice, SMS) and must be switched manually between one service and the other.Because a Class A device must service GPRS and GSM networks together, it effectively needs two radios. To avoid this hardware requirement, a GPRS mobile device may implement the feature.
A DTM-capable mobile can handle both GSM packets and GPRS packets with network coordination to ensure both types are not transmitted at the same time. Such devices are considered pseudo-Class A, sometimes referred to as 'simple class A'. Some networks have supported DTM since 2007. 3G/GPRS ModemUSB 3G/GPRS modems have a -like interface over with, and 1144 data formats. Some models include an external connector. Modem cards for laptop PCs, or external USB modems are available, similar in shape and size to a, or a.Addressing A GPRS connection is established by reference to its (APN).
The APN defines the services such as (WAP)access, (SMS), (MMS), and for communication services such as and access.In order to set up a GPRS connection for a, a user must specify an APN, optionally a user name and password, and very rarely an, provided by the network operator.GPRS modems and modules GSM module or GPRS modules are similar to modems, but there's one difference: the modem is an external piece of equipment, whereas the GSM module or GPRS module can be integrated within an electrical or electronic equipment. It is an embedded piece of hardware. A GSM mobile, on the other hand, is a complete embedded system in itself. It comes with embedded processors dedicated to provide a functional interface between the user and the mobile network.Coding schemes and speeds The upload and download speeds that can be achieved in GPRS depend on a number of factors such as:. the number of TDMA time slots assigned by the operator. the channel encoding used.
the maximum capability of the mobile device expressed as aMultiple access schemes The used in GSM with GPRS are based on (FDD) and TDMA. During a session, a user is assigned to one pair of up-link and down-link frequency channels. This is combined with time domain which makes it possible for several users to share the same frequency channel.
The packets have constant length, corresponding to a GSM time slot. The down-link uses packet scheduling, while the up-link uses a scheme very similar to (R-ALOHA). This means that (S-ALOHA) is used for reservation inquiries during a contention phase, and then the actual data is transferred using with first-come first-served.Channel encoding The channel encoding process in GPRS consists of two steps: first, a cyclic code is used to add parity bits, which are also referred to as the Block Check Sequence, followed by coding with a possibly punctured.
The Coding Schemes CS-1 to CS-4 specify the number of parity bits generated by the cyclic code and the puncturing rate of the convolutional code. In Coding Schemes CS-1 through CS-3, the convolutional code is of rate 1/2, i.e. Each input bit is converted into two coded bits. In Coding Schemes CS-2 and CS-3, the output of the convolutional code is to achieve the desired code rate.
In Coding Scheme CS-4, no convolutional coding is applied. The following table summarises the options.GPRSCoding schemeBitrate including RLC/MAC overhead(kbit/s/slot)Bitrate excluding RLC/MAC overhead(kbit/s/slot)Code rateCS-19.208.00GMSK1/2CS-213.5512.00GMSK≈2/3CS-315.7514.40GMSK≈3/4CS-421.5520.00GMSK1.
This is rate at which the RLC/MAC layer (PDU) (called a radio block) is transmitted. As shown in TS 44.060 section 10.0a.1, a radio block consists of MAC header, RLC header, RLC data unit and spare bits. The RLC data unit represents the payload, the rest is overhead.
The radio block is coded by the convolutional code specified for a particular Coding Scheme, which yields the same PHY layer data rate for all Coding Schemes. Cited in various sources, e.g. In TS 45.001 table 1. Is the bitrate including the RLC/MAC headers, but excluding the uplink state flag (USF), which is part of the MAC header, yielding a bitrate that is 0.15 kbit/s lower. The net bitrate here is the rate at which the RLC/MAC layer payload (the RLC data unit) is transmitted.
As such, this bit rate excludes the header overhead from the RLC/MAC layers.The least robust, but fastest, coding scheme (CS-4) is available near a (BTS), while the most robust coding scheme (CS-1) is used when the mobile station (MS) is further away from a BTS.Using the CS-4 it is possible to achieve a user speed of 20.0 kbit/s per time slot. However, using this scheme the cell coverage is 25% of normal. CS-1 can achieve a user speed of only 8.0 kbit/s per time slot, but has 98% of normal coverage. Newer network equipment can adapt the transfer speed automatically depending on the mobile location.In addition to GPRS, there are two other GSM technologies which deliver data services: (CSD) and (HSCSD). In contrast to the shared nature of GPRS, these instead establish a dedicated circuit (usually billed per minute). Archived from on 2010-01-28.
Retrieved 2009-12-14. June 11, 2010, at the. ^ 3rd Generation Partnership Project (November 2014). Retrieved 2015-12-05. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (June 2015). Retrieved 2015-12-05. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (June 2015).
Retrieved 2015-12-05. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (March 2015). Retrieved 2015-12-05. Bernhard Walke, Wolf Mende, Georgios Hatziliadis: “CELLPAC: A packet radio protocol applied to the cellular GSM mobile radio network”, Proceedings of 41st IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, May 1991, 408-413. Peter Decker, Bernhard Walke: “A General Packet Radio Service proposed for GSM”, ETSI SMG Workshop “GSM in a Future Competitive Environment”, Helsinki, Finland, Oct.
13, 1993, pp. 1-20.
Program “Publish or Perish”, see returns to a search for P. Walke their most cited paper that (after double click) unveils US patents referencing that paper.
Bernhard Walke: „The Roots of GPRS: The First System for Mobile Packet-Based Global Internet Access“, IEEE Wireless Communications, Oct. 2013, 12-23.External links. at the (archived February 9, 2008).
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The second commercially available LTE smartphoneMobile broadband is the marketing term for through a, or a / or other mobile device. The first wireless Internet access became available in 1991 as part of the second generation (2G) of mobile phone technology.
Co To Jest Wifi Gprs Software
Higher speeds became available in 2001 and 2006 as part of the third (3G) and fourth (4G) generations. In 2011, 90% of the world's population lived in areas with 2G coverage, while 45% lived in areas with 2G and 3G coverage. Mobile broadband uses the spectrum of 225 to 3700. Contents.Description Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered through towers to computers and other digital devices using. Although has a technical meaning, marketing uses the phrase 'mobile broadband' as a synonym for mobile. Some mobile services allow more than one device to be connected to the Internet using a single cellular connection using a process called.The available with Mobile broadband devices support voice and video as well as other data access. As a percentage of a country's populationSource:.In 2011, 90% of the world's population lived in areas with 2G coverage, while 45% lived in areas with 2G and 3G coverage, and 5% lived in areas with 4G coverage.
By 2017 more than 90% of the world's population is expected to have 2G coverage, 85% is expected to have 3G coverage, and 50% will have 4G coverage.A barrier to mobile broadband use is the coverage provided by the mobile service networks. This may mean no mobile network or that service is limited to older and slower mobile broadband technologies. Customers will not always be able to achieve the speeds advertised due to mobile data coverage limitations including distance to the cell tower. In addition, there are issues with connectivity, network capacity, application quality, and mobile network operators' overall inexperience with data traffic. Peak speeds experiencedby users are also often limited by the capabilities of their mobile phone or other mobile device. Serial valido para office 2010 professional plus.
Further information: andIn 1995 telecommunication, mobile phone, and laptop computer manufacturers formed the to push for built-in support for mobile-broadband technology on notebook computers. The association established a to identify devices that include Internet connectivity. Established in early 1998, the global (3GPP) develops the evolving GSM family of standards, which includes GSM, EDGE, WCDMA, HSPA, and LTE. In 2011 these standards were the most used method to deliver mobile broadband. With the development of the 4G signalling standard, download speeds could be increased to 300 Mbit/s per second within the next several years. IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX).
Main article:in 2004 noted that the bandwidths of have been increasing at a faster pace compared to wired. This is due to advances in wireless technology enabling the development and growth of digital wireless networks. The wide adoption of ( ), and (lateral diffused MOS) devices led to the development and proliferation of digital wireless networks in the 1990s, with further advances in MOSFET technology leading to rapidly increasing since the 2000s.
See also. and., an extension of the to include I/O functions. (3GPP), evolving GSM family of specifications. (3GPP2), evolving CDMA family of specificationsReferences. ^, International Telecommunications Unions (ITU), Geneva, 2011., Federal Communications Commission official website. Mustafa Ergen (2009).
Springer Science+Business Media., EBU (European Broadcasting Union) workshop on mobile broadband technologies, Qualcomm, 12 May 2011., Kumar, Liu, Sengupta, and Divya, Vol. 1, Issue 1 (December 2010), International Journal on Electronics & Communication Technology (IJECT), pp.
68-72,., 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), retrieved 27 February 2013. 2018-02-25., Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE,. Retrieved on 29 June 2013.
^, Ericsson, November 2012., Best Broadband Reports, December 2013. International Programs Center for Demographic and Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from on 2017-04-17.
Retrieved 2018-10-07. Telecommunication Development Bureau, (ITU). Retrieved 2015-05-24., Telecommunication Development Bureau, (ITU). Retrieved 24 May 2015.
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Official standard. Retrieved July 16, 2011. Cherry, Steven (2004). 'Edholm's law of bandwidth'.
IEEE Spectrum. 41 (7): 58–60. Jindal, Renuka P. 2009 2nd International Workshop on Electron Devices and Semiconductor Technology: 1–6. (2005). Asif, Saad (2018). Pp. 128–134.
O'Neill, A. 'Asad Abidi Recognized for Work in RF-CMOS'. IEEE Solid-State Circuits Society Newsletter.
13 (1): 57–58.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.Wikimedia Commons has media related to., official website for the worldwide trade group representing GSM operators.